Sources
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Azeez, Olaomo. "Indigenous Art of West
Africa in Wood." Global Journal of Human Social Science. 11. no. 2 (2011):
63-70.
Ben-Amos, Paula. "Men and Animals in Benin Art." Man, New Series. 11. no. 2 (1976): 243-252.
Bentum, Samuel. “Cultural Significance of Edina Asafo Company Posts.” (PhD dissertation, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, 2006).
Davis, Charles. The Animal Motif in Bamana Art. New Orleans, Louisiana: The Davis Gallery, 1981.
Drewel, Henry, and Margaret Drewel. Gelede: Art and Female Power among the Yoruba. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1983.
Labi, Kwame. "Fante Asafo Flags of Abandze and Kormantse." African Arts. 35. no. 4 (2002): 28-37.
LaGamma, Alisa, Heidi King, and Julie Jones. "Africa, Oceania, and the Americas." The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New Series. 56. no. 2 (1998): 69-71.
MacGaffey, Wyatt. Art and Healing of the Bakongo. Stockholm: Folkens museum-etnografiska, 1991.
Mack, John. "Animal Representations in Kuba Art: An Anthropological Interpretation of Sculpture." Oxford Art Journal. 4. no. 2 (1981): 50-56.
Marc, Alexandre. African Art: The World Bank Collection. Washington D.C.: The World Bank, 1998.
McLeod, M.D. The Asante. London: British Museum Publications Ltd, 1981.
Mirzoeff, Nicholas. An Introduction to Visual Culture, Second Edition "Imperial Transcultures: Kongo to Congo". New York: Routledge, 2009.
Rawson, Jessica. Animals in Art. London: British Museum Publications Ltd, 1977.
Rogers, Donna, John Munro, and Guy Kingsbery. Royal Art of the Kuba. Austin: The University of Texas, 1979.
Ross, Doran. "True Colours, Faux Flags, and Tattered Sales." African Arts. 43. no. 2 (2010): 1-7.
Ross, Doran. Fighting with Art: Appliqued Flags of the Fante Asafo. Los Angeles, California: UCLA Museum of Cultural History, 1979.
Visona, Monica, Robin Poynor, and Herbert Cole. A History of Art in Africa Second Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education Inc, 2008.
Werness, Hope. The Continuum Encyclopedia of Animal Symbolism in Art. New York: The Continuum International Publishing Group Inc, 2003.
Werness, Hope. The Continuum Encyclopedia of Native Art: Worldview, Symbolism, and Culture in Africa, Oceania, and Native North America. New York: The Continuum International Publishing Group Inc, 2000.
Ben-Amos, Paula. "Men and Animals in Benin Art." Man, New Series. 11. no. 2 (1976): 243-252.
Bentum, Samuel. “Cultural Significance of Edina Asafo Company Posts.” (PhD dissertation, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, 2006).
Davis, Charles. The Animal Motif in Bamana Art. New Orleans, Louisiana: The Davis Gallery, 1981.
Drewel, Henry, and Margaret Drewel. Gelede: Art and Female Power among the Yoruba. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1983.
Labi, Kwame. "Fante Asafo Flags of Abandze and Kormantse." African Arts. 35. no. 4 (2002): 28-37.
LaGamma, Alisa, Heidi King, and Julie Jones. "Africa, Oceania, and the Americas." The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New Series. 56. no. 2 (1998): 69-71.
MacGaffey, Wyatt. Art and Healing of the Bakongo. Stockholm: Folkens museum-etnografiska, 1991.
Mack, John. "Animal Representations in Kuba Art: An Anthropological Interpretation of Sculpture." Oxford Art Journal. 4. no. 2 (1981): 50-56.
Marc, Alexandre. African Art: The World Bank Collection. Washington D.C.: The World Bank, 1998.
McLeod, M.D. The Asante. London: British Museum Publications Ltd, 1981.
Mirzoeff, Nicholas. An Introduction to Visual Culture, Second Edition "Imperial Transcultures: Kongo to Congo". New York: Routledge, 2009.
Rawson, Jessica. Animals in Art. London: British Museum Publications Ltd, 1977.
Rogers, Donna, John Munro, and Guy Kingsbery. Royal Art of the Kuba. Austin: The University of Texas, 1979.
Ross, Doran. "True Colours, Faux Flags, and Tattered Sales." African Arts. 43. no. 2 (2010): 1-7.
Ross, Doran. Fighting with Art: Appliqued Flags of the Fante Asafo. Los Angeles, California: UCLA Museum of Cultural History, 1979.
Visona, Monica, Robin Poynor, and Herbert Cole. A History of Art in Africa Second Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education Inc, 2008.
Werness, Hope. The Continuum Encyclopedia of Animal Symbolism in Art. New York: The Continuum International Publishing Group Inc, 2003.
Werness, Hope. The Continuum Encyclopedia of Native Art: Worldview, Symbolism, and Culture in Africa, Oceania, and Native North America. New York: The Continuum International Publishing Group Inc, 2000.
Image sources
_ Bamana,
Boli: Altar, earth, organic material, h. 18 in. Data from: University of
California, San Diego, (photograph provided by ARTstor)
Bamana, Female Antelope Headdress (chi wara), 1920’s, wood, beads, metal, shells, The Cleveland Museum of Art, The Cleveland Museum of Art Collection (Formerly in The AMICO Library) (photo provided by ARTstor)
Bamana, Headdress: Male Antelope (Ci Wara), 19th-early 20th century, 35 11/16 x 15 3/4 x 3 3/8in. (90.7 x 40 x 8.5cm). Metropolitan Museum of Art - Images for Academic Publishing, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Michael C. Rockefeller Memorial Collection, Gift of Nelson A. Rockefeller, 1964 (1978.412.435) (Image © The Metropolitan Museum of Art)
Baule, Animal Spirit Mask, wood, Data from: University of California, San Diego, (photograph provided by ARTstor)
Baule, Jewelry: Crocodile, cast gold, The Cleveland Museum of Art, The Cleveland Museum of Art Collection
Benin, Oba Erediauwa during Ugie Erha Oba, wearing coral bead regalia, ARTstor Slide Gallery. (Data from: University of California, San Diego, ARTstor)
Bwa, A village initiation, brand new plank mask and brand new butterfly mask, first performance Gnoumou family, Photograph: 1983, wood, hemp fiber, Christopher Roy: African Art and Field Photography (Image and original data provided by Christopher D. Roy)
Fante, Kweku Kakanu, Flag, 1950, Exhibition: 5/11/1991-9/18/1991, New Museum of Contemporary Art Exhibitions, (Image and original data from New Museum of Contemporary Art http://www.newmuseum.org/)
Fon, Elephant Figure (view #1), 19th century, silver (silver/copper/alloy), H. 12in. Metropolitan Museum of Art - Images for Academic Publishing (The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gift of Anne d'Harnoncourt and Joseph Rishel, in memory of Rene and Sarah Carr d'Harnoncourt and Nelson A. Rockefeller, 2002 (2002.517.2) (photograph provided by ARTstor) Formerly in The AMICO Library (photograph provided by ARTstor)
Ghana; Asante, Leopard Stool (Osebo Dwa), early 20th century, wood, 22x22x12 in. (55.88x55.88x30.48 cm). Gift of the African American Art Alliance, (Photo by Larry Sanders)
Kongo, Sculpture of a two-headed dog, covered with nails: Nkonde Lower Zaire, wood, nails, h.67.5 cm, Data from: University of California, San Diego, (photograph provided by ARTstor)
Kuba, Divining Object (Itombwa): Animal Form, 19th-20th Century, wood, fiber, 2 1/8 x 1 1/2 x 10 1/2 in. (5.45 x 3.82 x 26.7 cm). Dallas Museum of Art Collection, Formerly in The AMICO Library (photograph provided by ARTstor)
Kuba, Friction Oracle (Itombwa), 20th century. carved wood, metal, glass beads, and cowrie shells, 7.5 cm x 35 cm x 6.4 cm (2 15/16 in. x 13 3/4 in. x 2 1/2 in). (Gift of Dr. James and Vivian Curtis)
Yoruba, Helmet Mask (Gelede), 20th century, wood, 22-1/2 in. Metropolitan Museum of Art - Images for Academic Publishing, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gift of Paul and Ruth W. Tishman, 1990 (1990.336) (Image © The Metropolitan Museum of Art)
Bamana, Female Antelope Headdress (chi wara), 1920’s, wood, beads, metal, shells, The Cleveland Museum of Art, The Cleveland Museum of Art Collection (Formerly in The AMICO Library) (photo provided by ARTstor)
Bamana, Headdress: Male Antelope (Ci Wara), 19th-early 20th century, 35 11/16 x 15 3/4 x 3 3/8in. (90.7 x 40 x 8.5cm). Metropolitan Museum of Art - Images for Academic Publishing, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Michael C. Rockefeller Memorial Collection, Gift of Nelson A. Rockefeller, 1964 (1978.412.435) (Image © The Metropolitan Museum of Art)
Baule, Animal Spirit Mask, wood, Data from: University of California, San Diego, (photograph provided by ARTstor)
Baule, Jewelry: Crocodile, cast gold, The Cleveland Museum of Art, The Cleveland Museum of Art Collection
Benin, Oba Erediauwa during Ugie Erha Oba, wearing coral bead regalia, ARTstor Slide Gallery. (Data from: University of California, San Diego, ARTstor)
Bwa, A village initiation, brand new plank mask and brand new butterfly mask, first performance Gnoumou family, Photograph: 1983, wood, hemp fiber, Christopher Roy: African Art and Field Photography (Image and original data provided by Christopher D. Roy)
Fante, Kweku Kakanu, Flag, 1950, Exhibition: 5/11/1991-9/18/1991, New Museum of Contemporary Art Exhibitions, (Image and original data from New Museum of Contemporary Art http://www.newmuseum.org/)
Fon, Elephant Figure (view #1), 19th century, silver (silver/copper/alloy), H. 12in. Metropolitan Museum of Art - Images for Academic Publishing (The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gift of Anne d'Harnoncourt and Joseph Rishel, in memory of Rene and Sarah Carr d'Harnoncourt and Nelson A. Rockefeller, 2002 (2002.517.2) (photograph provided by ARTstor) Formerly in The AMICO Library (photograph provided by ARTstor)
Ghana; Asante, Leopard Stool (Osebo Dwa), early 20th century, wood, 22x22x12 in. (55.88x55.88x30.48 cm). Gift of the African American Art Alliance, (Photo by Larry Sanders)
Kongo, Sculpture of a two-headed dog, covered with nails: Nkonde Lower Zaire, wood, nails, h.67.5 cm, Data from: University of California, San Diego, (photograph provided by ARTstor)
Kuba, Divining Object (Itombwa): Animal Form, 19th-20th Century, wood, fiber, 2 1/8 x 1 1/2 x 10 1/2 in. (5.45 x 3.82 x 26.7 cm). Dallas Museum of Art Collection, Formerly in The AMICO Library (photograph provided by ARTstor)
Kuba, Friction Oracle (Itombwa), 20th century. carved wood, metal, glass beads, and cowrie shells, 7.5 cm x 35 cm x 6.4 cm (2 15/16 in. x 13 3/4 in. x 2 1/2 in). (Gift of Dr. James and Vivian Curtis)
Yoruba, Helmet Mask (Gelede), 20th century, wood, 22-1/2 in. Metropolitan Museum of Art - Images for Academic Publishing, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gift of Paul and Ruth W. Tishman, 1990 (1990.336) (Image © The Metropolitan Museum of Art)